Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: M2 macrophage-derived exosomes delivering haptoglobin and interleukin-10 plasmids for synergistic therapy of intracerebral hemorrhage

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.047

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characterization of M2-exo@HI. (a) Western blot of Tsg101, CD9, and Calnexin expressions in RAW264.7 and M2-exo. (b) Protein bands of RAW264.7, M2-exo, M2-exo@HI, and HI by SDS-PAGE. (c) Fluorescence microscopy images showing Hp-EGFP and IL-10-mCherry expression in 293T cells infected with lipo2000@pBudCE4.1 , lipo2000@HI, and M2-exo@HI respectively, after 24 h. (d,e) Representative TEM images and size distribution profiles of M2-exo and M2-exo@HI. (f) Particle number of M2-exo and M2-exo@HI by NTA measurement. (g) Zeta potentials of M2-exo and M2-exo@HI (n = 3). (h) Drug release profiles of M2-exo@HI at pH 6.5 and pH 7.4, respectively (n = 3). (i) Stability evaluation of M2-exo@HI in PBS at 4 °C by monitoring particle size over time (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± SD.

Article Snippet: Then mice were anesthetized with 5 % isoflurane and imaged using near-infrared fluorescence in vivo imaging system (IVIS, Caliper Life Sciences, USA) at predetermined time intervals (1 min, 5 min, 10 min, 15min, 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h).

Techniques: Western Blot, SDS Page, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Expressing, Infection

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: M2 macrophage-derived exosomes delivering haptoglobin and interleukin-10 plasmids for synergistic therapy of intracerebral hemorrhage

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.047

Figure Lengend Snippet: Validation of M2-exo targeting, Hp/IL-10 transfection expression, and Hp/Hb binding. (a) Fluorescence imaging showing cellular uptake of ICG and M2-exo@ICG by M1 microglia. (b,c) Flow cytometry and corresponding quantification of RhB and M2-exo@RhB internalized by M1 microglia (n = 3). (d,e) Schematic illustration and quantitative analysis of the in vitro phagocytosis-release kinetics of M2-exo@RhB in BV2 under ICH-mimicking stimulation (n = 6). (f) Fluorescence images showing Hp and IL-10 expression in M1 microglia treated with M2-exo@HI for 12, 24, 48, 72 h. (g) Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) quantification of Hp and IL-10 expression (n = 3). (h,i) ELISA measurements of secreted Hp and IL-10 protein levels (n = 3). (j,k) qPCR analysis of relative Hp and IL-10 mRNA expression (n = 3). (l) Western blot detection of Hp and IL-10 protein expression. (m) Densitometric quantification of Hp and IL-10 protein levels from Western blot (n = 3). (n) Co-immunoprecipitation assay confirming the formation of Hp-Hb complex. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was calculated by unpaired Student's t -test (c and e), and one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test (g-k and m).

Article Snippet: Then mice were anesthetized with 5 % isoflurane and imaged using near-infrared fluorescence in vivo imaging system (IVIS, Caliper Life Sciences, USA) at predetermined time intervals (1 min, 5 min, 10 min, 15min, 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h).

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Transfection, Expressing, Binding Assay, Fluorescence, Imaging, Flow Cytometry, In Vitro, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: M2 macrophage-derived exosomes delivering haptoglobin and interleukin-10 plasmids for synergistic therapy of intracerebral hemorrhage

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.047

Figure Lengend Snippet: M2-exo@HI promotes in vitro microglia polarization, BBB repair and neuroprotection. (a) Flow cytometry analysis of M1-type (CD86 + ) and M2-type microglia (CD163 + ) following treatment with different formulations. (b,c) Percentages of CD86 + and CD163 + microglia populations (n = 3). (d–g) The cytokine levels of IL-10, TGF-β, TNF-α, and IL-1β in treated microglia (n = 3). (h) Fluorescence microscopy images showing erythrophagocytosis by microglia across treatment groups. (i) Schematic of the in vitro BBB model assessing FITC-dextran permeability using a transwell assay. (j) Quantitative analysis of FITC-dextran penetration (n = 7). (k) Flow cytometry analysis of neuronal apoptosis across treatments (n = 3). (l) Quantitative analysis of neuronal apoptosis (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was tested by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test.

Article Snippet: Then mice were anesthetized with 5 % isoflurane and imaged using near-infrared fluorescence in vivo imaging system (IVIS, Caliper Life Sciences, USA) at predetermined time intervals (1 min, 5 min, 10 min, 15min, 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h).

Techniques: In Vitro, Flow Cytometry, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Permeability, Transwell Assay

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: M2 macrophage-derived exosomes delivering haptoglobin and interleukin-10 plasmids for synergistic therapy of intracerebral hemorrhage

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.047

Figure Lengend Snippet: Targeted delivery and therapeutic gene expression of M2-exo@HI in hemorrhagic brain. (a) In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging showing ICG and M2-exo@ICG in mouse brains at various time points post-injection. (b) Average radiation efficiency of ICG in different treatment groups (n = 3). (c) Ex vivo fluorescence imaging of major organs harvested 24 h post-injection. (d) Average radiation efficiency of ICG in different in mouse tissues (n = 3). (e) Time-dependent accumulation of M2-exo@ICG at hematoma regions. (f) Immunofluorescence staining showing co-localization of Hp/IL-10 with astrocytes, microglia, and endothelial cells. (g) Temporal expression profiles of Hp and IL-10 in brain tissues. (h,i) ELISA quantification of Hp and IL-10 protein levels in brain homogenates (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was calculated by unpaired Student's t -test (b,d), and one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test (h,i).

Article Snippet: Then mice were anesthetized with 5 % isoflurane and imaged using near-infrared fluorescence in vivo imaging system (IVIS, Caliper Life Sciences, USA) at predetermined time intervals (1 min, 5 min, 10 min, 15min, 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h).

Techniques: Gene Expression, In Vivo, Fluorescence, Imaging, Injection, Ex Vivo, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X

Article Title: A prostate-specific membrane antigen targeted small molecule-drug conjugate for efficient prostate cancer therapy at a low dosage

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2026.100496

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Chemical structure of SPP. The red part represents toxicity payload SN38; The blue part represents the GSH responsive linker disulfide bond; The black part represents the spacer PEG 24 ; The green part represents the specific PSMA targeting ligand. (B) The LC-MS characterization results of SPP. (C) The UV–vis absorption spectrum and the fluorescence emission spectrum of SPP (in DMSO, Ex = 365 nm, Em = 430 nm). (D) HPLC analysis of SPP before and after incubation with GSH (5 μM). (E) HPLC analysis of SPP before and after incubation with GSH (5 mM). (F) HPLC analysis of CPP before and after incubation with GSH (5 mM). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: In vivo fluorescence imaging was performed at several time points (0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h and 4 h) post intravenous injection using a living animal imaging system (VISQUE In Vivo Optical Imager, Vieworks, Korea, Cy5.5 emission channel).

Techniques: Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy, Fluorescence, Incubation

Journal: International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X

Article Title: A prostate-specific membrane antigen targeted small molecule-drug conjugate for efficient prostate cancer therapy at a low dosage

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2026.100496

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Fluorescence imaging of tumor-bearing mice after tail vein injection of PHA-SS-3PEG 24 -3PSMA (20 nmol, 200 μL) at different times. The white circles indicate the tumors. (B) Semi-quantitative fluorescence signal analysis of the tumor site at different time points. (C) Representative fluorescence imaging of major organs, tumors and muscle adjacent to the tumor at 1, 2 and 4 h post administration of PHA-SS-3PEG 24 -3PSMA. H-heart, Li-liver, Sp-spleen, Lu-lung, K-kidney, St-stomach, I-intestine, T-tumor, and N-normal muscle. (D) Semi-quantitative analysis of biodistribution 4 h post injection of SPP in (C).

Article Snippet: In vivo fluorescence imaging was performed at several time points (0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h and 4 h) post intravenous injection using a living animal imaging system (VISQUE In Vivo Optical Imager, Vieworks, Korea, Cy5.5 emission channel).

Techniques: Fluorescence, Imaging, Injection

Journal: International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X

Article Title: A prostate-specific membrane antigen targeted small molecule-drug conjugate for efficient prostate cancer therapy at a low dosage

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2026.100496

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Scheme of in vivo antitumor therapy. (B) photos of tumor-bearing mice in different groups after 10 days' treatments. (C) Tumor growth curves of mice in different groups during 10 days' treatments. Group 1: Control; Group 2: CPP; Group 3: SN38-SS-3PEG 24 ; Group 4: SN38-CC-3PEG 24 -3PSMA; Group 5: SPP. (D) Statistics of tumor weights collected from mice on the 10th day. (E) Body weight changes of tumor-bearing mice during the treatments. Statistical significance was calculated by t -test with GraphPad, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. (F) Tumor slices with H&E staining from the Control group and the SPP group on 10th day after treatment. Scale bar = 100 μm. (G) Fluorescence imaging of tumor sections from the Control group and the SPP group on 10th day after treatment. Scale bar = 100 μm.

Article Snippet: In vivo fluorescence imaging was performed at several time points (0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h and 4 h) post intravenous injection using a living animal imaging system (VISQUE In Vivo Optical Imager, Vieworks, Korea, Cy5.5 emission channel).

Techniques: In Vivo, Control, Staining, Fluorescence, Imaging